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Heartland Canada: Agricultural News and Information about Farming and Ranch Country
Heartland Canada: Agricultural News and Information about Farming and Ranch Country
Prairie perspectives on agriculture, food and rural prosperity. From specialty crops to value chains; from agritourism to range management, the articles published here are all relevant to today's agricultural operators in Canada's Heartland.
If you are planning to seed forage this spring, the last thing you need is to have a seeding failure.
“Unfortunately, there is no way of guaranteeing that your forage stand will be a success,” says Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Forage Development Specialist Al Foster, “but there are steps that you can take to remove much of the risk."
It is important to select an adapted forage species or mixture. Use only varieties that are winter-hardy and adapted to your particular soil conditions.
“Ensure you start with a well-prepared seedbed," he says. "The seedbed should be firm below the surface, with a minimum cover of loose soil. The thin layer of loose soil will provide adequate cover for the seed.”
Foster recommends seeding into standing stubble only if the straw has been well spread. Be aware of the possible risks posed by herbicide residues in the soil.
“Another important step is to ensure you seed shallowly. There is probably more seed wasted because of seeding too deep than for any other reason. Keep in mind that an emerging seedling is totally dependent on the food reserves in the seed to get it to the surface and sprout leaves.” Since most forage seeds are relatively small, they won't have enough stored energy to reach the surface if they are planted deep in the soil, he adds.
“The smaller the seed, the shallower the seeding. For most forage crops, aim for less than a one-inch seeding depth. When a cereal cover crop is used, it may be best to seed the cover crop and the forage crop in two separate operations. This way, you can ensure that each crop is placed to its appropriate depth."
If mixing the forage seed with a cover crop, Foster suggests seeding shallowly, even though this may reduce the establishment of the cover crop. Cover crops are not necessary for good forage establishment, but if you use a cover crop, Foster advises reducing the seeding rate to 50 per cent of the normal rate to reduce competition.
Cut for greenfeed, bale and remove the crop as soon as possible. Cut the crop high. This ensures that new seedlings are not defoliated. They will be protected from the wind, and the stubble will catch snow to insulate new seedlings from low winter soil temperatures.
Finally, Foster recommends ensuring the seedbed is free of weeds, especially perennial weeds.
“Weeds will compete heavily with the small, slow-growing forage seedlings. Where weeds become a problem, mowing or chemical weed control measures may be necessary. If the forage is a grass/legume mixture, the number of registered herbicides for weed control is very limited.”
A good rain shortly after seeding is the easiest way to ensure a successful forage stand.
“Unfortunately, mother nature is not always that co-operative," he says. "By taking care to reduce all potential risks when seeding forages—just in case you don’t get the timely rains—you will effectively even out the odds of success.”
For more information, contact:
Allan Foster Forage Development Specialist Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food
Dr. Guy Lafond’s passion for no-till agriculture has been part of the Saskatchewan agricultural knowledge landscape for some time. Now, the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada scientist working at the Indian Head Agricultural Research Foundation can count on a Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Agriculture Development Fund (ADF #20050704) grant to further our knowledge on the contribution of grain legumes in no-till cropping systems. The Saskatchewan Pulse Growers Association is also contributing to this project.
“When we started this study 11 years ago, I asked: 'Is starter nitrogen required with a grain legume like field pea?'" he says. "Secondly, what is an optimal frequency of field pea in the rotation? What I did is I set up the study so I could compare growing peas every year—which is the extreme practice—to growing peas every second year; and every three years. As time went on, this whole question of carbon sequestration and nitrous oxide emissions came into play.” This has now become an integrated component of Dr. Lafond’s research focus with this study.
Dr. Lafond was then in a position to investigate the effect of accelerated carbon sequestration on nitrous oxide emissions.
“Because this study has been developed and conducted over so many years, it has allowed us to answer two other important questions," he says. "One was: if you put legumes in the rotation, do you accelerate carbon sequestration? The thinking here is that legume residues have a higher nitrogen content than cereal. Any residue that has more nitrogen tends to decompose a little bit quicker and a little bit better, but there is also a feeling that more of it remains in a stable organic matter fraction than otherwise. So that was the second question we investigated.
“Because we have peas grown with and without nitrogen, we can compare against cereals grown with fertilizer, and we can compare to cereals grown with cereals and then to cereals grown with peas," he says.
Dr. Lafond conducted some in-depth soil sampling last spring, which showed some carbon sequestration, but because of the variability, he was unable to show conclusively that grain legumes accelerate carbon sequestration. Part of his current project involves sampling again in 2007.
“We wish to re-estimate it to see if there were sampling errors. But so far, in terms of nitrous oxide, there is no question that, if you are growing peas with just a little bit of phosphorus fertilizer, the nitrous oxide emissions are much less than for wheat grown with fertilizer."
Dr. Lafond is also finding that the spring wheat that is grown on a short rotation with peas every second year tends to emit a little more nitrous oxide than the spring wheat grown every three years. It may be that the presence of legume residue is priming the system and there could be a potential for a little more nitrous oxide emission during the spring wheat phase, but he stresses that this idea is very tentative. Dr. Lafond wishes to confirm the tendency by taking measurements to quantify it. This is why the funds were approved for 2005, 2006, 2007, he says.
The study also allows Dr. Lafond and his colleagues to address other agronomic issues, like the risks associated with the short rotations, and the impact of short rotations on diseases and populations.
Dr. Guy Lafond Senior Research Scientist Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Indian Head Agricultural Research Foundation
When consumers think of the New York steak, immediately the image of a choice cut of meat comes to mind. This is one of the things that convinced Lester Lodoen of Classic Meats in Fox Valley it was the right name for his new product.
“When we did the market research at the Saskatchewan Food Industry Development Centre, there was a group of us together, and we had to come up with a name that was no more than three words long," he explains. "We tried Meat Treats, but that was like dog food. We tried Trimmers, but that implied cuts of poor quality meat. One guy came up with New York Stick—we said OK. The New York steak is a very good cut of meat. We trademarked it. It is good to go.”
The product in question is a pre-cooked, hand-held meat snack. It is an 85-gram beef steakette on a popsicle-type stick. It is vacuum-packed, should be refrigerated at 4ºC or frozen, and is made with secondary cuts of meat.
“I have been working with meat quality and beef for a number of years," says Lodoen. "One of the people working with me came up with the concept that we somehow had to increase the value of the secondary cuts of meat, because you can always sell the primary cuts. We wanted to go beyond just making hamburgers. We took this idea to the Food Centre at the University of Saskatchewan, and worked with them to develop the process and the product.”
Lodoen is also a beef producer, who long ago realized that the farm economy runs in a constantly evolving world.
The Lodoen family farm has been a value-added operation from the time of Lester's father, but, he explains, marketing a new product today is a totally different ball game then it was 20 years ago. Market research has led Lodoen to the convenience sector, but right now the company's biggest push is toward food services: getting into hockey arenas, curling rinks, gas stations and convenience stores—wherever convenience food services are required.
“We are in the value chain program," he says, "and in our value chain we have a food broker working with us. Ten or 15 years ago, anyone could market their product themselves, but now, if you don’t know the people, it is difficult. We are working with a group that has a lot of connections to different sources. What you need today is a distributor who will take you on.”
Lodoen says he making good and steady progress in his endeavours.
“Beside beef, we have BBQ pork on a stick as well. We are talking about the New York Stick family of products, really. It consists of Spiced Beef, BBQ Pork, Southwest Chicken and Mediterranean Chicken. Now we have a couple of distribution companies that are very interested in helping us distribute it.
“I would say to anyone getting into this type of business today: it's not enough to just have an idea. You better research it, and know where you want to go with it, and take advantage of the expertise and the resources that are out there.”
Lodoen wouldn’t trade what he is doing for the world.
“I like the marketing, although sometimes it can be frustrating. When you are developing a product, you always want to move faster and faster, but that doesn’t happen in this world any more."
Lodoen's company is still working with the Food Centre. He hopes eventually to be working with a co-packer, or a co-processor. They are currently selling the product in all the Saskatchewan Made stores, and have placed it in a couple of schools in Regina and a couple of stores in rural Saskatchewan. It is also being sold in Alberta and Ontario.
Lodoen hopes his New York Stick will make it big in the realm of hand-held food, which some experts have already identified as the food of the future.
For more information, contact:
Lester Lodoen Classic Meats and Double L Farms Fox Valley (306) 666-4447 (tel) (306) 666-4448 (fax) doublelfarms@sasktel.net
Have you ever tasted a Saskatchewan-grown cantaloupe? What about a locally grown tomato? The flavour is exceptional. There are a number of ways in which consumers can experience the flavour of Saskatchewan, according to Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Provincial Vegetable Crops Specialist Connie Achtymichuk, even if they don’t have a garden.
“Many communities have farmers’ markets," she says, "but another initiative that has just been started is a web-based local food directory. The project is in its early stages, but the idea is to connect local producers with local consumers. There are a number of groups involved, but the lead is Dr. Daryl Hepting, a professor at the University of Regina's computer sciences department. Dr. Hepting has already started a discussion group to find out who is interested, and to collect ideas. Provided funding can be accessed, the project will go ahead this year.”
This project, along with other forms of direct marketing, will enable the Saskatchewan vegetable industry to expand, says Achtymichuk.
“The industry is small, and the growing season is short. This makes it difficult for Saskatchewan’s vegetable producers to break into traditional markets, but the quality and flavour of the vegetables being grown is exceptional. Because of Saskatchewan’s climate, there are very few pests that damage vegetable crops.”
Most vegetables, therefore, are grown with little or no pesticides. Organically grown produce is also available.
“The Canada Food Guide encourages eating five to 10 servings of fruit and vegetables a day, so why not try produce from a local garden?" she asks. "Not only are there health benefits in doing so, but consider picking up vegetables from a local garden: what a good way to expose children to where their food comes from. Develop a relationship with the person who grows your food, and they’ll be willing to fill requests if you want something that they don’t have.”
By buying locally, everybody wins. The producer has a market that commands a fair price, and the consumer gets to enjoy vegetables at their peak freshness.
“You’ll also be doing your part to protect the environment, considering the fact that most of the produce you buy has been trucked great distances.”
Saskatoon’s Plant Biotechnology Institute (PBI) has been in the forefront of the development of new varieties of spices such as dill, fennel, anise and caraway. Now that cumin has been identified as an opportunity crop for Saskatchewan, an Agriculture Development Fund research project (#20050711) will help replicate some of the PBI's success with this new crop, according to Alison Ferrie, a research officer at the National Research Council (NRC).
“We have been doing this work for a number of years now, and we just want to formalize it," she says. "We are producing more and more lines, which is why we needed the extra funding. Dr. Doug Waterer, a plant scientist at the University of Saskatchewan, is looking after the field aspect of this project, and I am looking after the laboratory aspect at PBI."
The PBI's scientists can do the research, but they cannot grow the new lines out in the field, so they have turned to Dr. Waterer, who will collaborate with the PBI to evaluate the new lines. Ferrie says the PBI is now going to move on to cumin, which is an important species for the Saskatchewan Herb and Spice Association. Scientists have begun the lab work to develop a microspore culture double haploid protocol for cumin. Double haploid technology was developed in the 1960s, and is still very useful today.
“Double haploid technology involves taking immature pollen grains—which are microspores—giving them the right conditions and, if everything is right in terms of genotypes, the right donor plant conditions, the right media and the right culture conditions, we can get embryos developing from these pollen grains.
“This is not a normal developmental process," Ferrie explains, "because, under normal development, you would get the immature pollen grains maturing into the mature pollen grain and fertilizing the egg cell. Then you get seed. We are changing the developmental path to get this immature pollen grain to convert into an embryo. Once you get that embryo grown into a plant, you have a homozygous pure line, so if you grow out these double haploids in the field, they all will be uniform. The next generation will look exactly the same.”
In a normal breeding program, explains Ferrie, you would make a cross between two parents that look good and you would have to keep backcrossing and backcrossing to get a uniform line.
“But here, we can develop a uniform line in one generation. This means it can save time and breeding, and that is very important, especially for these herbs, spices and nutraceutical plants, because there is so much variation in them. This results in problems for some of the medical plants, if you are trying to make clinical trials. You may collect samples from this group of plants over here and you get this level of compound that is beneficial in the fight against a disease, and you go into another group of plants and you get this level of active compound and it doesn’t show any beneficial effect. So what we are doing is producing a uniform line.”
Double haploid technology has proven extremely useful for crop development over and over again.
“This technology has been used by most canola breeding companies," she says. "A number of years ago, when I started at the PBI, we did a lot of canola work, and a lot of that technology is being used by canola breeders to this day. For those species, much breeding has been done, so there are many uniform lines out there. But for these herbs and spices, since the active ingredient is so important, this technology is particularly valuable as well."
The ADF funds are going to be used in the lab to develop the lines of cumin, while Dr. Waterer will test all the lines that have been developed so far.
For more information, contact:
Alison Ferrie, PhD Plant Biotechnology Institute National Research Council Alison.ferrie@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca (306) 975-5993
Location: Regina 14,000BC-2009AD, Saskatchewan Plains, Canada
Claude-Jean Harel is the Founder and Manager of The Great Excursions Company, a Regina-based boutique travel and destination management company which crafts "behind the scenes" tourism experiences using a variety of techniques. He brings to tourism 25 years of broadcast media experience in the fields of culture, heritage and science, generating national and international attention for the distinctive qualities of the North American Plains region.
Claude-Jean not only presents tourism products as reportages intended to be lived by guests, he is also a regular contributor to CBC Radio and Television programs.
Claude-Jean's work has won numerous awards including: the Canadian Ethnic Journalists' and Writers' Club award. He is a former Commonwealth Relations Trust bursar. His work was nominated for a UNESCO Award; and in 2004, he was admitted to the degree of Master of Arts in Archaeology and Heritage with Distinction at the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom.
Claude-Jean's company recently joined the CAA Saskatchewan group of companies, where he is now also Manager of Inbound Travel. CAA operates the largest travel agency in the province and WestWorld Tours.
